{"id":4,"date":"2015-03-24T11:15:19","date_gmt":"2015-03-24T09:15:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.fhpv.unipo.sk\/ecologistsnotebooks\/?p=4"},"modified":"2015-07-15T14:21:02","modified_gmt":"2015-07-15T12:21:02","slug":"na-dlzke-nezalezi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.fhpv.unipo.sk\/ecologistsnotebooks\/?p=4","title":{"rendered":"Na d\u013a\u017eke nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed ?!…"},"content":{"rendered":"

Jozef Obo\u0148a\u00a0&<\/span> Peter Mikula<\/p>\n

Zatia\u013e \u010do mnoh\u00ed z\u00a0n\u00e1s v\u00a0tejto ot\u00e1zke jasno nemaj\u00fa, existuj\u00fa organizmy, ktor\u00fdm je odpove\u010f zrejm\u00e1 u\u017e ve\u013emi dlho. Re\u010d v\u0161ak nebude o\u00a0\u017eiadnych antropocentrick\u00fdch probl\u00e9moch tr\u00e1piacich ur\u010dit\u00fa \u010das\u0165 \u013eudstva, ale o\u00a0drobnej aberantnej skupinke hmyzu. Nasleduj\u00facich p\u00e1r riadkov bude preto venovan\u00fdch much\u00e1m ozna\u010dovan\u00fdm ako \u201e<\/strong>Stalk-eyed flies\u201c, alebo ak chcete \u2013 much\u00e1m s\u00a0o\u010dami na stopk\u00e1ch. Tieto dvojkr\u00eddlovce patria do preva\u017ene tropickej \u010de\u013eade Diopsidae a tvoria len pomerne mal\u00fa \u010de\u013ea\u010f m\u00fach o\u00a0ve\u013ekosti len nieko\u013ek\u00fdch desiatok druhov. Vzh\u013eadom k\u00a0ich \u017eivotn\u00e9mu cyklu a\u00a0sp\u00f4sobu \u017eivota je ich v\u00fdskyt viazan\u00fd najm\u00e4 na vlhk\u00e9 miesta s\u00a0rozkladaj\u00facou sa veget\u00e1ciou napr. v\u00a0okol\u00ed potokov a\u00a0riek. Jeden z\u00e1stupca tejto skupiny (vedecky Diopsis<\/em> macrophthalma<\/em>),<\/strong> vyskytuj\u00faci sa v\u00a0Afrike, je dokonca pova\u017eovan\u00fd za \u0161kodcu na ry\u017eov\u00fdch poliach1<\/sup><\/a>. Ak v\u00e1s ich zov\u0148aj\u0161ok alebo sp\u00f4sob \u017eivota zaujal a chceli by ste ich vidie\u0165 na vlastn\u00e9 o\u010di, nie je potrebn\u00e9 cestova\u0165 a\u017e tak \u010faleko, preto\u017ee jeden z\u00e1stupca tejto \u010de\u013eade bol len pred ned\u00e1vnom objaven\u00fd aj v\u00a0Eur\u00f3pe a\u00a0to dokonca u\u00a0na\u0161ich ju\u017en\u00fdch susedov v\u00a0Ma\u010farsku2<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\"1\"<\/a>Druh patriaci do skupiny druhov Diopsis apicalis<\/em> z lokality Nanta Mesi, dokument\u00e1rne foto.<\/pre>\n
Tak trochu sme d\u00fafali, \u017ee tieto bizarn\u00e9 tvory n\u00e1jdeme aj na na\u0161ej ned\u00e1vnej exped\u00edcii v\u00a0Keni, ale pri poh\u013eade na vyschnut\u00e9 koryt\u00e1 riek a\u00a0vyprahnut\u00fa krajinu sme za\u010dali by\u0165 skeptick\u00ed. No nakoniec sme uspeli v\u00a0severoke\u0148skom pohor\u00ed Mt. Kulal, na lokalite Nanta Mesi. Je to nevys\u00fdchaj\u00face jazierko pod vodop\u00e1dom, ktor\u00e9 intenz\u00edvne vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa miestni pastieri ako nap\u00e1jadlo pre dobytok v\u00a0obdob\u00ed sucha. To \u017ee s\u00fa tu aj muchy s\u00a0o\u010dami na stopk\u00e1ch sme ani netu\u0161ili, a\u017e pokia\u013e sa n\u00e1m jedna z\u00a0nich nechytila do entomologickej sie\u0165ky. A\u00a0viac n\u00e1m nebolo treba, cel\u00fa lokalitu sme podrobne presm\u00fdkali s\u00a0v\u00fdsledkom \u2013 dva odchyten\u00e9 exempl\u00e1re (teda mohlo to by\u0165 aj lep\u0161ie…). Jedn\u00e1 sa o\u00a0dva exempl\u00e1re toho ist\u00e9ho druhu (patriaceho do ve\u013ekej skupiny podobn\u00fdch druhov Diopsis apicalis<\/em> \u2013 determin\u00e1cia : Hans Feijen).<\/p>\n
\"Lokalita<\/a><\/p>\n
Lokalita Nanta Mesi (Mount Kulal): nevys\u00fdchaj\u00face jazierko pod vodop\u00e1dom predstavuje ur\u010dit\u00fd ostrov pre biodiverzitu vodn\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchov po\u010das obdobia sucha.<\/pre>\n
Tieto bizarn\u00e9 tvory sa daj\u00fa najjednoduch\u0161ie spozorova\u0165 za s\u00famraku (aj ke\u010f n\u00e1m sa ich podarilo chyti\u0165 na prav\u00e9 poludnie), kedy sa zoskupuj\u00fa v\u017edy na rovnak\u00fdch miestach. Av\u0161ak zatia\u013e \u010do samice sa zhlukuj\u00fa tesne ved\u013ea seba, samce s\u00fa rozost\u00fapen\u00e9 a \u201ebojuj\u00fa\u201c o\u00a0svoje miesto pod slnkom (v tomto pr\u00edpade sk\u00f4r pod mesiacom). Ide o\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00fd ritu\u00e1l, pri ktorom si samce navz\u00e1jom porovn\u00e1vaj\u00fa d\u013a\u017eku svojich o\u010dn\u00fdch stopiek a\u00a0ich rozp\u00e4tie. V\u00a0honbe za maximalizovan\u00edm rozp\u00e4tia o\u010dn\u00fdch stopiek sa niektor\u00e9 samce uchy\u013euj\u00fa k\u00a0trikom s\u00a0vystret\u00fdmi predn\u00fdmi nohami, ktor\u00fdmi opticky e\u0161te pred\u013a\u017eia vzdialenosti medzi oboma o\u010dn\u00fdmi stopkami. Vyu\u017e\u00edvaniu tak\u00fdchto \u201epodp\u00e1soviek\u201c sa v\u0161ak nem\u00f4\u017eeme \u010dudova\u0165. V\u00a0st\u00e1vke je skuto\u010dne ve\u013ea a postup je v\u00a0tomto pr\u00edpade ne\u00faprosne jednoduch\u00fd a priamo\u010diary \u2013 samec s dlh\u0161\u00edmi o\u010dn\u00fdmi stopkami jednoducho vyhr\u00e1va a\u00a0z\u00edskava viac sam\u00edc3<\/sup><\/a>. U samcov s\u00a0krat\u0161\u00edm rozp\u00e4t\u00edm stopiek s\u00fa vyhliadky na \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd vertik\u00e1lny transfer vlastn\u00fdch g\u00e9nov dos\u0165 pochm\u00farne a zn\u00e1me tvrdenie \u201eaj s\u00a0mal\u00fdm \u0161a\u0161kom sa d\u00e1 zahra\u0165 ve\u013ek\u00e9 divadlo\u201c v tomto pr\u00edpade nie je na mieste.<\/p>\n
Vedci st\u00e1le uva\u017euj\u00fa nad t\u00fdm, pre\u010do je tomu tak. V\u00fdsledky ich b\u00e1dania ale takmer v\u017edy prin\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa rovnak\u00fd v\u00fdsledok: atraktivita\u00a0samcov sa zvy\u0161uje s\u00a0d\u013a\u017ekou ich o\u010dn\u00fdch stopiek. To m\u00f4\u017ee poukazova\u0165 nato, \u017ee samice prostredn\u00edctvom sexu\u00e1lneho v\u00fdberu sam\u00e9 podporuj\u00fa v\u00fdvoj extr\u00e9mnej morfol\u00f3gie sam\u010d\u00edch o\u010dn\u00fdch stopiek4<\/sup><\/a>. \u201eChud\u00e1k samec\u201c, mohli by sme si pomyslie\u0165 pri predstave nekone\u010dn\u00e9ho tlaku na rast d\u013a\u017eky o\u010dn\u00fdch tykadiel. Na(ne)\u0161\u0165astie proti \u00fa\u010dinkom pohlavn\u00e9ho v\u00fdberu p\u00f4sob\u00ed dos\u0165 tvrdo v\u00fdber prirodzen\u00fd, ktor\u00fd prostredn\u00edctvom zn\u00ed\u017eenej \u017eivotaschopnosti (napr. s\u00fa dan\u00e9 jedince nemotornej\u0161ie alebo vidite\u013enej\u0161ie v\u00a0d\u00f4sledku \u010doho sa\u00a0n\u00e1sledne st\u00e1vaj\u00fa \u010dastou koris\u0165ou pred\u00e1torov) eliminuje z\u00a0popul\u00e1cie jedince s\u00a0pr\u00edli\u0161 excesivn\u00fdm prejavom dan\u00e9ho znaku. V\u00a0pr\u00edpade samcov \u201estalk-eyed fly\u201c sa, podobne ako aj u\u00a0in\u00fdch druhov \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchov, nejedn\u00e1 len o\u00a0ur\u010dit\u00fa zlov\u00f4\u013eu \u010di tort\u00faru \u010dlenov mu\u017esk\u00e9ho pohlavia zo strany sam\u00edc. Sami\u010d\u00ed v\u00fdber je aj tu vskutku pragmatick\u00e1 z\u00e1le\u017eitos\u0165, preto\u017ee sa ukazuje, \u017ee s\u00a0d\u013a\u017ekou o\u010dnej stopky \u00fazko s\u00favis\u00ed napr\u00edklad celkov\u00e1 ve\u013ekos\u0165, d\u013a\u017eka kr\u00eddla, ako aj vitalita \u010di\u00a0plodnos\u0165 samca. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia d\u013a\u017eka stopiek teda v\u00a0kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku znamen\u00e1 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu ve\u013ekos\u0165 tela a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fa vitalitu otca, \u010do sa vo v\u00fdsledku prejav\u00ed produkciou zdatnej\u0161\u00edch a\u00a0\u017eivotaschopnej\u0161\u00edch potomkov5<\/sup><\/a>. Vedci naviac zistili, \u017ee g\u00e9n v\u00a0ktorom je zak\u00f3dovan\u00e1 inform\u00e1cia o\u00a0dlh\u0161ej o\u010dnej stopke je spojen\u00fd s g\u00e9nom, ktor\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje splodi\u0165 viac sam\u010d\u00edch potomkov6<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n
Tak\u017ee aby sme si to nejako zhrnuli…<\/p>\n
Na d\u013a\u017eke skuto\u010dne z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed, aspo\u0148 v\u00a0tomto pr\u00edpade…<\/p>\n
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T\u00e1to zahrani\u010dn\u00e1 cesta bola realizovan\u00e1 z projektu: Inov\u00e1cia vzdel\u00e1vacieho a v\u00fdskumn\u00e9ho procesu ekol\u00f3gie ako jednej z nosn\u00fdch discipl\u00edn vedomostnej spolo\u010dnosti (ITMS 26110230119), ktor\u00fd je spolufinancovan\u00fd zo zdrojov E\u00da.<\/p>\n
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 <\/p>\n
    \n
  1. \n
    Alghali A.M. (1984). Mating and ovipositional behavior of the stalk-eyed fly Diopsis macrophthalma on rice. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 36: <\/a>151\u2013157.<\/pre>\n<\/li>\n
  2. \n
    Papp L., F\u00f6ldv\u00e1ri M. & Paulovics P. (1997). Sphyracephala europaea<\/em> sp. n. (Diptera: Diopsidae) from Hungary represents a family new to Europe. Folia Entomologica Hungarica<\/a> 58: 137\u2013146.<\/pre>\n<\/li>\n
  3. \n
    Kirkpatrick M. (1982). Sexual selection and the evolution of female choice. Evolution 36: 1\u201312.<\/pre>\n<\/li>\n
  4. \n
    Wilkinson G. & Reillo P. (1994). Female choice response to artificial selection on an exaggerated male trait in a stalk-eyed fly. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 255: 1\u20136.<\/pre>\n<\/li>\n
  5. \n
    Zimmer C. (2008). The evolution of extraordinary eyes: the cases of Flatfishes and Stalk-eyed Flies. Evolution Education and Outreach 1: 487. doi<\/a>:10.1007\/s12052-008-0089-9<\/a>.<\/pre>\n<\/li>\n
  6. \n
    David P., Bjorksten T., Fowler K. & Pomiankowski A. (2000). Condition-dependent signalling of genetic variation in stalk-eyed flies<\/a>. Nature<\/a> 406: 186\u2013188. doi<\/a>:10.1038\/35018079<\/a>. PMID<\/a>10910358<\/a>.<\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
     <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
    Jozef Obo\u0148a\u00a0& Peter Mikula Zatia\u013e \u010do mnoh\u00ed z\u00a0n\u00e1s v\u00a0tejto ot\u00e1zke jasno nemaj\u00fa, existuj\u00fa organizmy, ktor\u00fdm je odpove\u010f zrejm\u00e1 u\u017e ve\u013emi dlho. Re\u010d v\u0161ak nebude o\u00a0\u017eiadnych antropocentrick\u00fdch probl\u00e9moch tr\u00e1piacich ur\u010dit\u00fa \u010das\u0165 \u013eudstva, ale o\u00a0drobnej aberantnej skupinke hmyzu. Nasleduj\u00facich p\u00e1r riadkov bude preto venovan\u00fdch much\u00e1m ozna\u010dovan\u00fdm ako \u201eStalk-eyed flies\u201c, alebo ak chcete \u2013 much\u00e1m s\u00a0o\u010dami na stopk\u00e1ch. … Pokra\u010dova\u0165 v \u010d\u00edtan\u00ed: Na d\u013a\u017eke nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed ?!…<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-zapisky-ekologa"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.fhpv.unipo.sk\/ecologistsnotebooks\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.fhpv.unipo.sk\/ecologistsnotebooks\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.fhpv.unipo.sk\/ecologistsnotebooks\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.fhpv.unipo.sk\/ecologistsnotebooks\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.fhpv.unipo.sk\/ecologistsnotebooks\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/blog.fhpv.unipo.sk\/ecologistsnotebooks\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":49,"href":"https:\/\/blog.fhpv.unipo.sk\/ecologistsnotebooks\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4\/revisions\/49"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.fhpv.unipo.sk\/ecologistsnotebooks\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.fhpv.unipo.sk\/ecologistsnotebooks\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.fhpv.unipo.sk\/ecologistsnotebooks\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}