Misia „sex“ aj „asex“ v Bulharsku

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Keď je malá Katka iba celá matka a nepodobá sa na tatka!

Čo keby Vám niekto položil takúto otázku: Vymenujte všetky sladkovodné ryby, ktoré poznáte…

Asi by sme si spomenuli na kapra, pstruha či šťuku…. a tu by sme možno aj skončili…

Ak by ste sa na túto otázku opýtali v Bulharsku, odpoveď by bola asi podobná… možno s výnimkou najznámejšej ryby Bulharska „pyrženej cace“ (Пържена цаца) – šproty.

Okrem týchto, laickej verejnosti dobre známych „jedlých“ druhov, existujú aj také ryby, ktoré sú menšie, no dokonca ich častokrát nepoznajú ani športoví rybári. Medzi takéto ryby patria aj pĺže, konkrétne zástupcovia rodu Cobitis. Tieto ryby žijú na dne riek a v Európe dorastajú maximálne do 13 cm. Takže by sme sa z nich veľmi nenajedli… a asi preto ich prehliadame… No nie všetci! Pre vedcov z našej katedry predstavujú veľmi zaujímavý objekt výskumu. Nezaujímame sa samozrejme ich gastronomickú vhodnosť či nevhodnosť, nás zaujíma ich rozmnožovanie. A to je tak trochu o „sexe“ ale aj o „asexe“.

Poďme ale pekne poporiadku. Bežný druh ryby, napríklad taký kapor je typickým gonochoristom, teda mamka kapor a tatko kapor majú spolu malé kapríky. Keď sa ale bližšie pozrieme na rodinku pĺžov, tak jednoduché rozdelenie na matku, otca a deti tu už nie je. Niektoré populácie pĺžov sú tvorené aj asexuálne sa rozmnožujúcimi jedincami – odborne sa nazývajú polyploidné hybridy. Vedecké vysvetlenie tohto termínu znie asi takto: sú to jedince, ktoré vznikajú hybridizáciou (krížením) dvoch druhov pĺžov. Hybridné potomstvo tak disponuje genómom, ktorý obsahuje dve sady chromozómov, naviac od dvoch druhov pĺžov. Hybridné jedince, ktoré prežijú, sa znova neresia s jedincami iných druhov pĺžov a môžu tak priberať ďalšiu chromozómovú sadu. Výsledkom sú polyploidné jedince (zväčša samice) disponujúce 3 až 4 sadami chromozómov od troch druhov pĺžov.

Zdá sa vám to komplikované? Ešte nie? Tak pokračujeme ďalej… Polyploidné samice sú schopné ďalej sa rozmnožovať asexuálnym spôsobom – gynogenézou. Gynogenéza je spôsob rozmnožovania, pri ktorom samica využíva spermie samca na aktiváciu vývinu vlastných vajíčok. Genetická informácia spermie však do vajíčka nevstupuje. Tieto samice využívajú vlastné sexuálne mimikry (maskovanie) a preto ich samec nevie odlíšiť od sexuálne sa rozmnožujúcich samíc vlastného druhu. A tak samec, ktorý vynaložil energiu na dospievanie a neresil sa s touto samicou, nezanecháva v potomstve svoju genetickú informáciu.

No a teraz si tú „gynoneviemčo“ zjednodušíme… Samica stretne samca a logicky by sme očakávali, že potomstvo bude tak trochu po „mamke“ a tak trochu po „tatkovi“. Ale nie je tomu tak. Iba samica sa stáva „pravou matkou“, jej potomstvo je vlastne klonom jej samej. Samec, ktorý mal byť otcom, odpláva s dlhým nosom (alebo plutvou?). Aj keď sa snažil (potomstvo síce nebude po poštárovi), ale nebude ani po tatkovi. Nenaplnil svoje životné poslanie. Myslí si, že svoju úlohu splnil, ale svoje gény neodovzdal. Svojej partnerke poslúžil, ako stimul pre jej vlastnú reprodukciu. Ešte dobre, že nie sme pĺže a ženy nás potrebujú a my ich tiež…

V povodiach Dunaja na území Bulharska, spolu takto koexistujú tri druhy pĺžov, ktoré vytvárajú vzájomné polyploidné hybridy. Tieto trochu „sexy“ a trochu „asexy“ rybky môžete vidieť na obrázku.

Vybrané druhy pĺžov vyskytujúce sa v čiastkových povodiach Dunaja v Bulharsku (zhora: Cobitis elongatoides, C. strumicae a C. elongata)
Vybrané druhy pĺžov vyskytujúce sa v čiastkových povodiach Dunaja v Bulharsku (zhora: Cobitis elongatoides, C. strumicae a C. elongata)

 

A keďže sme Katedra ekológie, na celý problém sa chceme pozrieť komplexne. Ako všetci dobre vieme, ekológia nie je veda o triedení a recyklácii odpadov, ale je to veda o vzájomných vzťahoch organizmov a prostredia, v ktorom sa vyskytujú. A preto nás nezaujíma iba „sex“ či „asex“. Zaujímajú nás najmä vzťahy pĺžov k vybraným abiotickým faktorom vodného prostredia. Jednak na úrovni druhov, ale hlavne koexistencia sexuálnych a asexuálnych (klonálnych) línií. Jednou z lokalít, ktorú sme počas našej výpravy do Bulharska navštívili bola rieka Katuneshka.

Rieka Katuneshka povodie Dunaja (BG)
Rieka Katuneška, povodie Dunaja (BG)

 

V tejto rieke sa spolu vyskytujú všetky 3 uvedené druhy pĺžov a ich vzájomné asexuálne hybridy. Preto tu vzniká množstvo otázok.

Konkurujú si tieto jedince medzi sebou?

Aká je ich distribúcia v rámci habitátov, ktoré osídľujú?

Kto je v konkurenčnom boji efektívnejší?

Aké je rozpätie abiotických faktorov, v ktorých pĺže alebo ich hybridy dokážu realizovať svoju ekologickú niku?

To všetko sú otázky, na ktoré sa snažíme nájsť aspoň čiastočnú odpoveď…

Lovná skupina odoberajúca vzorky z rieky Dunaj pri meste Ruse. Ichtyologický prieskum realizovali členovia katedry Ekológie PU, českej a bulharskej akadémie vied
Lovná skupina odoberajúca vzorky z rieky Dunaj pri meste Ruse. Ichtyologický prieskum realizovali členovia katedry Ekológie PU, českej a bulharskej akadémie vied

 

A čo praktický význam týchto štúdií? Medzinárodná únia ochrany prírody a prírodných zdrojov (IUCN) k roku 2015 eviduje 50 druhov pĺžov. Z toho v kategóriách kriticky ohrozených (CR) až takmer ohrozených (NT) je zaradených až 26 druhov. Medzi hlavné faktory spôsobujúce tento stav, patrí degradácia prirodzených biotopov, v ktorých sú pĺže schopné prežiť a rozmnožiť sa. Nadobudnuté exaktné údaje o ich ekologických nárokoch a rozšírení v prirodzených podmienkach, tak môžu poskytnúť východiskové informácie ktoré sa budú dať uplatniť v praktickej ochrane týchto nesporne zaujímavých druhov.

Život v okolí bulharských riek (rieka Botunya)
Život v okolí bulharských riek (rieka Botunya)

 

Autor blogu: Jakub Fedorčák, Katedra ekológie FHPV PU

Táto práca bola realizovaná z projektu: Inovácia vzdelávacieho a výskumného procesu ekológie ako jednej z nosných disciplín vedomostnej spoločnosti (ITMS 26110230119), ktorý je spolufinancovaný zo zdrojov EÚ. A projektov: VEGA (1/0916/14) Koexistencia prírodných klonov a biotypov hybridného komplexu rodu Cobitis v procesoch sukcesie, GA ČR (GA13-12580S) Studium mechanismů umožňujících koexistenci sexuálních a klonální populací na modelu evropských sekavců (2013-2017, GA0/GA).

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